Accounting Theory and Development Essay Example for Free

Accounting Theory and Development Essay The methodology is often be â€Å"going from the general to the specific† as the research must develop a logical structure for accomplishing the objective then, which based on the definition and assumptions. The validity of any theory developed through this process is highly dependent upon the ability of the researcher to correctly identify and relate the various components of the accounting process in a logical manner. Induction is a method of reasoning by which a general law or principle is inferred from observed particular instances. Inductive approach emphasis making observations and drawing conclusions from it and is often be â€Å" going from specific to general, because the research generalizes about the universe on the basis of limited observations of specific situations. The inductivist is to draw theoretical and abstract conclusion from rationalizations of accounting practice. Applied to the accounting, the inductive approach begins with observations about the financial information of business enterprises and proceeds to construct generalizations and principles of accounting from those observations on the basis of recurring relationship. Reading 1. 2 Accounting theory and development Accounting Theory Construction with Inductive and deductive approach Normative theory vs. Positive theory Normative theory attempts to justify what ought to be, rather than what is. The major criticism of normative theories is that they are based on value judgments. Positive (Descriptive) theories attempt to find relationships that actually exist. Deductive systems are normative and inductive systems attempt to be descriptive. The deductive method is basically a closed, non-empirical system. Theory verification Theory verification or validation is an integral part of theory construction. According to Popper, the testing of deductive theories could be carried out along four lines. There is the testing of the theory by way of empirical applications of conclusion, which can be derived from. This step is necessary to determine how the theory stands up to the demand of practice. If its predictions are acceptable, the theory is said to be verified otherwise, the theory is said to be falsified. Aspects of theories, their construction and verification Figure 2 Distinguishing features

Dark Energy: The Mystery of This Millennium :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Dark Energy: The Mystery of This Millennium Billions of years ago, the universe was nothing but an infinitesimally small particle. Then, in less time than the blink of an eye, the universe expanded and increased in size by a factor of 1050. Expansion eventually began to slow down, allowing galaxies, star clusters, and so on, to form. Theoretically, expansion should still be slowing down; but to the contrary, expansion is in fact accelerating (10). Some scientists theorize that an unknown force, called Dark Energy, may be the cause of this accelerated expansion, while others disagree. For some time, exploding stars, or supernovas, were used as a "cosmic measuring stick" (4). That is, scientists used these supernovas to calculate the age of the universe. In 1998, two groups of astronomers surveyed supernovas in very distant galaxies. These supernovas were much dimmer than expected to be, and calculations proved that the stars were over ten billion light years away, much farther away than they should be had the universe been expanding at a slowing rate, or even a constant rate, as previously theorized (5). This discovery proved that the cosmos are not expanding at a slowing or a constant rate, but instead they are expanding at an accelerated rate (4). Since this discovery, scientists have been trying to uncover what it is that accounts for this accelerated expansion. Scientists have calculated the density of the cosmos, and they have also calculated the total mass of all visible galaxies. However, the galaxies make up less than one-third of the density needed to satisfy the current calculations of the early universe (2). Simple logic tells us that there must be something else in the universe, with some kind of mass, which accounts for over two-thirds of the density of the cosmos. The new theory incorporates a different force called Dark Energy. At first, scientists did not know how Dark Energy works or what it is physically made up of. Some proposed ideas of Dark Energy are: a cosmic field associated with inflation, a low-energy field called "quintessence," and the cosmological constant, or a negative pressure, as suggested by Albert Einstein (7). In July of 2003, scientists confirmed that Dark Energy exists, but they still cannot truly explain it (6). They do know that Dark Energy is different from every other kind of energy found. Some say it is a negative gravity (1), while others say that it does not necessarily act opposite to gravity, but, instead, it acts more like a negative pressure (5).

Nothing Gold Can Stay

The title of the poem Is metaphorical which, makes comparisons to the young and youth. Gold represents value and wealth. Therefore when it says â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† it simply that nothing precious or of great value in the materialistic sense can stay forever. Gold symbolizes materialism, it would not last for long and it will give a false sense of security and happiness. Gold, which is money based, can take years to accumulate but can be washed away in a millisecond.On the other hand, things that have emotional and sentimental value cannot be bought with Gold and therefore will main throughout one's entire life. Nature represents the flirts Instance of gold. â€Å"Green is Gold† represents the natural world that is the New England forests Frost loved for most of his life. The color of money is green may also indicative of lifespan of the person in comparison to the seasons. The spring is when everything is new, Green the summer youth hot and passionate, the fall change various emotions, the winter dying death and cold.The birth of the baby Is stunning, their skin is soft they are fragile to hold, they grow so fast, their beauty, and the purity they have Inside Is ere fresh and clean. I remember when I was a kid I would ask my parents questions about everything I saw. All nature was seen too, however as time passed it became normal. As I grew older I gained more knowledge and memory was no longer green. Example, when I was a baby I don't know how to lie to my parents, to anybody, but growing older learn how to lie and purity was not found again.When you are young, things are great and perfect, nothing to worry about but it Is Impossible to keep that sense of security all the time. It Is a flower that grows from seed, blooms, grows, and after a while it dies. We can also refer to green as it relates to the creation of the world. Everything created by God is green in nature. The green is the symbol of life and prosperity, for example money is green and when nature is described green typically comes to mind.In fact, when you look the green nature, it is pleasing to the eyes. However, due to man's greed they only see Gold. This Gold Is the first green because all humans care about Is Gold and as a result they are giving It greater importance than nature, our source of life. Being that nature supplied the earth with Gold, man take advantage of it. Then the nature loses its beauty and importance like it does in the morning! Then it turns to the hot, muggy afternoon. â€Å"Her early leafs a flower but only so an hour†.It reminds us of how happy the first human creation of God living in the garden. The new life is so precious like a bud that turns to a beautiful flower, perfumed by Its natural essence yet a certain distraction ruins everything. The word â€Å"Gold† either suggests the early leaf, which lacks sufficient pigment to be completely green, or perhaps a gold as in a golden age, a reality time n one's l ife, even gold relating to money, stating the physical component of things, which as the end of the poem suggests, â€Å"Cannot Stay†.The nature of human life begins at a point of greatness in which all potentials represented by the flower's bud have been met In the open blossom. This point In the lifetimes of all Miming things lasts only at the most an hour. Eden represents the pure world before man was created to name everything, to tend to the animals and to the earth, before he and his wife disobeyed the divine by eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge, thus aiming mortality and opening the doorway into death upon the earth. Eden represents all beginnings, before there was knowledge of decay.Frost uses this element to visualize his idea that all things in nature, including the lives of people, reach a new height before they sink to grief. The poet uses nature as a person which a commonly used term as â€Å"Mother Nature†, and I think the hidden meaning behind this is that the poem he has written carries the same message that has been preached for years, yet no one bothers to follow or listen to. Frost is not being entirely peoples in his poem; he is saying only that it is the â€Å"Gold† in things which cannot last, their brightest.The reality of a human life is only met once and not met again. Purity is lost when knowledge is gained. I think the poem lends a powerful warning to all of us. Recognize what is really important in life, embrace it, and discards everything else. Appreciate every year, month, day, and minute. It is fleeting and we don't get a do over. Love your fellow man right now, friends, and family. Don't wait until tomorrow because it may never come. Spend life in the present, not in the past or the future. Nothing Gold Can Stay The title of the poem Is metaphorical which, makes comparisons to the young and youth. Gold represents value and wealth. Therefore when it says â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† it simply that nothing precious or of great value in the materialistic sense can stay forever. Gold symbolizes materialism, it would not last for long and it will give a false sense of security and happiness. Gold, which is money based, can take years to accumulate but can be washed away in a millisecond.On the other hand, things that have emotional and sentimental value cannot be bought with Gold and therefore will main throughout one's entire life. Nature represents the flirts Instance of gold. â€Å"Green is Gold† represents the natural world that is the New England forests Frost loved for most of his life. The color of money is green may also indicative of lifespan of the person in comparison to the seasons. The spring is when everything is new, Green the summer youth hot and passionate, the fall change various emotions, the winter dying death and cold.The birth of the baby Is stunning, their skin is soft they are fragile to hold, they grow so fast, their beauty, and the purity they have Inside Is ere fresh and clean. I remember when I was a kid I would ask my parents questions about everything I saw. All nature was seen too, however as time passed it became normal. As I grew older I gained more knowledge and memory was no longer green. Example, when I was a baby I don't know how to lie to my parents, to anybody, but growing older learn how to lie and purity was not found again.When you are young, things are great and perfect, nothing to worry about but it Is Impossible to keep that sense of security all the time. It Is a flower that grows from seed, blooms, grows, and after a while it dies. We can also refer to green as it relates to the creation of the world. Everything created by God is green in nature. The green is the symbol of life and prosperity, for example money is green and when nature is described green typically comes to mind.In fact, when you look the green nature, it is pleasing to the eyes. However, due to man's greed they only see Gold. This Gold Is the first green because all humans care about Is Gold and as a result they are giving It greater importance than nature, our source of life. Being that nature supplied the earth with Gold, man take advantage of it. Then the nature loses its beauty and importance like it does in the morning! Then it turns to the hot, muggy afternoon. â€Å"Her early leafs a flower but only so an hour†.It reminds us of how happy the first human creation of God living in the garden. The new life is so precious like a bud that turns to a beautiful flower, perfumed by Its natural essence yet a certain distraction ruins everything. The word â€Å"Gold† either suggests the early leaf, which lacks sufficient pigment to be completely green, or perhaps a gold as in a golden age, a reality time n one's l ife, even gold relating to money, stating the physical component of things, which as the end of the poem suggests, â€Å"Cannot Stay†.The nature of human life begins at a point of greatness in which all potentials represented by the flower's bud have been met In the open blossom. This point In the lifetimes of all Miming things lasts only at the most an hour. Eden represents the pure world before man was created to name everything, to tend to the animals and to the earth, before he and his wife disobeyed the divine by eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge, thus aiming mortality and opening the doorway into death upon the earth. Eden represents all beginnings, before there was knowledge of decay.Frost uses this element to visualize his idea that all things in nature, including the lives of people, reach a new height before they sink to grief. The poet uses nature as a person which a commonly used term as â€Å"Mother Nature†, and I think the hidden meaning behind this is that the poem he has written carries the same message that has been preached for years, yet no one bothers to follow or listen to. Frost is not being entirely peoples in his poem; he is saying only that it is the â€Å"Gold† in things which cannot last, their brightest.The reality of a human life is only met once and not met again. Purity is lost when knowledge is gained. I think the poem lends a powerful warning to all of us. Recognize what is really important in life, embrace it, and discards everything else. Appreciate every year, month, day, and minute. It is fleeting and we don't get a do over. Love your fellow man right now, friends, and family. Don't wait until tomorrow because it may never come. Spend life in the present, not in the past or the future.

The Pros And Cons Of A Career - 960 Words

Career Will I make the right choice? This is a common question that comes across every college students mind when choosing what career path, they want to head down. It is a decision that holds the potential to influence every aspect of their life: their happiness, when they have kids, whether they travel, everything can be impacted. One has to weigh out the pros and cons of the careers they are choosing between, because there are always many challenges, but there are often rewards too. I can’t wait to begin my career. I can’t wait for the challenges. I can’t wait for the rewards that will come with being a teacher. I can’t wait to work with little kids and do what I love and incorporate all of my interests. I currently work at a daycare,†¦show more content†¦My duty as a future teacher is to my future students. My duty will be to educate and create a love for learning. My duty will be to create a sense of belonging for my classroom. My duty will be to leave a positive impact on my student’s lives, and to give them the love and care inside the classroom that they deserve and might be missing in other aspects of their life. My interest in teaching began at a young age. My two aunts and two uncles are teachers, so it was always a topic in my life. I was always making my younger cousins play â€Å"school† with me, and I hated being a student. I loved to be the teacher and would make lesson plans and assignments to give to my â€Å"students.† Another reason I became interested in teaching is my love for kids. I have always had a big heart and lots of love for babies and young children ever since I was little myself. I knew I wanted a career revolving around kids because that is what I enjoyed, loved, and what has always made me happy. A career in teaching makes sense and works with my personality qualities. I recently changed majors. I was originally going to school for Architecture. Even though I had said all my life I wanted to be a teacher, I put that idea on the back burner. My aunts and uncles that were teachers always told me not to be one, because of money issues andShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of A Healthcare Manager887 Words   |  4 Pagesable to improve and help in providing appropriate patient care. They plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services making them an important asset to the healthcare field in general. However, just like any other job position, there are pro s and cons to being a healthcare manager. But with the responsibility over facilities, services, staff, and budgets, a healthcare manager tremendously affects daily healthcare operations. Overall, the healthcare manager is an important member of the healthcareRead MoreHealthcare Workers Vs. 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I will also be interviewingRead MoreI Want to Become a Forensic Psychologist1067 Words   |  4 Pagesthe application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system.† (An Overview of Forensic Psychology, 2014)The career I want to engage in is forensic psychologist but first you have to learn the work environment, the education, the earnings, the outlook, the pros, and the cons. â€Å"With numerous portrayals in books, movies and television programs, interest in forensic psychology has grown signi ficantly in recent years.† (An Overview of ForensicRead MoreI Want to Become a Wildlife Biologist902 Words   |  4 PagesBiologist Isn’t being outside better then being stuck in a cubicle? I want to be a wildlife biologist because I love being outside and enjoying nature. In this paper I am going to describe the work environment, education, earnings, job outlook, pros, and cons of being a wildlife biologist. The work environment that would come with being a wildlife biologist would be relatively calmer then an average work place. Wildlife biologists spend most of the time during the work day out in the field. WhenRead MoreMy Dream To Become An Electrical Engineer1301 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame interested in electronics. The way electronics work is simply amusing to me because I could not understand how the devices were operating, and honestly I still may not understand how these devices actually work. My backup plan for my future career would have to be becoming a mechanical engineer. Mechanical engineers are people who work to make ideas into something that can be physically sold. Mechanical engineers work on making small objects like a printer to big objects like a car. I likeRead MoreWhy I Want To Become A Colorado State Patrol ( CSP ) Trooper?1185 Words   |  5 Pagesgreat country either in the military or as a law enforcement officer. I know that both fields are growing in need , while sadly shrinking in support so why not fulfill my career desires and do my part in serving my country. Subsequently to my father retiring from serving twenty years in the Navy, he looked around for a new career and ended up finding the CSP. He liked all that job entailed and their goal to the public, finding himself in the CSP academy shortly after. This caused me to raise an eyebrow

The Years Of Civil Rights Movement - 1077 Words

Emmet Till 1955 – 1968, the years of Civil Rights Movement, were chock-full of not only racism and discrimination, but also violence. Though these vicious attacks against the Blacks didn’t stop them from fighting back, valuing their, and the other Blacks’, freedom and equality more than their own lives. I have to admit that this is a TRUE act of bravery, and an example of the evil the human race is capable of, something I wish wasn’t true. Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Andrew Goodman and innumerable others played immense roles in the horrific 14 years that followed. One such person was Emmet Till, a fourteen year old boy from Chicago, Illinois, who only lived through a year or so of the Movement, but he played a very crucial role in bringing attention to the beginning atrocity. July 25, 1941 marks the birth of the only child of Louis and Mamie Till, Emmet Louis Till, in the city of Chicago, Illinois. Emmet’s father served in the American Army as a Private during the Second World War, so he never saw much of his dad. But a year after Emmet was born, his parents divorced, and three years later they received the news that Louis was executed for persistent misconduct, whilst serving in Italy. His mother, on the other hand was a marvelous woman. Although she faced judgement and social limitations because of her race, she overcame them all and excelled not only academically, but also professionally. As she raised Emmet as a single mother, she was forced to workShow MoreRelatedHow significant was Martin Luther King’s contribution to the civil rights movement in the years 1956-68?760 Words   |  4 PagesThere is no doubt that MLK shaped the way people campaigned for black civil rights in America during these years however weather that was significan t to any head way they did make, one example of his significance is the amount of peaceful protest that was carried out, now that MLK was promoting peaceful protests more people could participate in campaigning for what they believed, this made the supporters for the civil right movement far greater in numbers than ever before and opposing people found itRead MoreHow Far Was Peaceful Protest Responsible for the Successes of the Civil Rights Movement Int He Years of 1955-64?1324 Words   |  6 PagesHow far was the peaceful protest responsible for the successes of the civil rights movement in the years of 1955-64? 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Ranging from peaceful marches to powerful acts of civil disobedience, not only in the United States but in Central American countries such as Nicaragua. This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation but moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislation that would positively impact those who protested. The concept of civil disobedience and peaceful demonstration acting as a catalystRead MoreThe Black Civil Rights Movement Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Civil Rights Movement The Black civil rights movement emerged as a mass movement in the 1950s but its long term origins go back much to the abolition of slavery and the failure of States to implement the 14th and 15th amendments which guaranteed ex-slave rights as defined in the constitution. Just after the end of slavery the reconstruction era began, it allowed blacks many opportunities thatRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement By Charles W. Eagles780 Words   |  4 Pages Ten years after Fairclough article, another author continues the discussion of historians and their attempt to analysis the civil rights movement. Charles W. Eagles’ article â€Å"Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era† provides further supporting evidence that scholars fail to analyze the movement to its fullest potential. Eagles utilizes diplomatic historian John Lewis Gaddis analogy of historians studying the cold car. According to Gaddis, cold war scholars â€Å"reflected the contemporaneousRead MoreThe African American Civil Right Movement1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe African American Civil right movement in the late 1950’s and throughout the 1960’s was a powerful fight for equal opportunities to the basic rights and privileges outlined by the US government. During this movement thousands of Afric an American individuals and those who believed in the power of the movement, battled against the piercing white supremacy through various tactics including grass root movements. The grass root movements in the 60’s was characterized by organizations of individualsRead MoreMichael Brown And The Anti Black Racism1270 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Brown and were not indicted. This movement was a response to the anti-black racism that exists in our society (Cullors, Tometi Garza, 2012). Foner and Garraty (1991) point out that the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was an initiative where Civil rights activists used nonviolent protests and civil disobedience to bring about change for freedom and equality. African American leaders risked their lives to speak out for change while participating in the movement. In 1964 legislation introduced byRead MoreBlack Civil Rights and Feminist Rights Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the twentieth century, both the Civil Rights and the Women’s Rights movements had a comparable ambition in mind. They both wanted to gain the rights and opportunities that others had. In this research paper my goal is to compare and contrast both movements and how they went about chasing each of their goals, and at the same time express some of my viewpoints. The Black Civil Rights was a movement that began right when â€Å"Reconstruction† ended in the late 1870’s which granted all Americans

Compare the Presentation of the Themes Obsession and...

Compare the presentation of the themes obsession and control found in The Collector, Othello and The Picture of Dorian Gray Shakespeare employs obsession as a thematic device extensively in Othello with many characters exhibiting complexes which come into direct conflict with the fixations of others, highlighting the self-destructive and all-consuming nature of obsession. This is reinforced by the climax of the play, the deaths of Othello, Desdemona and Emilia and Iago’s subsequent arrest and torture. Similarly, Dorian Gray presents various forms of obsession such as lust, infatuation and narcissism which leads, in most cases, to the destruction of the characters who are swiftly overcome by their vices or refusal to recognise the truth.†¦show more content†¦Like a rich man telling a poor man to stop thinking about money,’ and ‘There was always class between us’. This can be seen as a metaphorical representation of the shifting power distribution of the time, the rise of the middle class instigated more opportunities for working and lower class people to gain wealth and power and further blurred the line between the traditional societal divisions. Clegg is representative of the old, caste-bound patriarchy and Miranda is a pioneer of the new, less rigid system. Miranda herself, however, makes reference to her hatred of ‘the new class people with their cars and their money and their tellies and their stupid vulgarities and their stupid crawling imitations of the bourgeoisie.’ and views Clegg as the epitome of ‘the new people’ although it is possible that this view is a result of her idolisation of GP and subsequent adoption of his ideologies and values rather than her own opinion as she also expresses her ‘†¦despair for days afterwards, thinking how much of their rotten, pretentious blood I must have in me’, in reference to her parents, implying that she feels she does not belong to the class she was born into or that she simply wishes to be free of the class-system altogether. Iago’s obsession with Othello in specific is made most evident in his soliloquies

Strategic human resource management in Unitel

Questions: Unitel is one of the largest telecommunications companies in the Asia Pacific region. Like most large telcos it was formerly government-owned, but was privatised in the early 1990s. Since privatisation, however, Unitel has faced increased competition from foreign and local competitors. Unitel remains profitable, but the telecommunications industry has seen considerable innovation in terms of both products and services in recent years, and senior management are concerned that the culture needs to be improved at Unitel if the telco is going to continue to grow its presence and maintain its profitability in a continually developing and changing market. Last year, Unitel senior management unveiled a new corporate strategy to guide Unitel into the next decade. Called Vision 2020, it is an ambitious programme that aims to place customers in a pivotal position and to seek excellence in products, customer service, product delivery and corporate image. Developed by an external management consulting firm, Vision 2020 aims to reposition Unitel as the best enterprise in the region by developing action teams and change teams whose role is to encourage possibility thinking and customer comes first values in the large industry incumbent. Vision 2020 has been enthusiastically embraced by many senior managers at Unitel. It is bringing field staff and high-level management together for the first time, remarked one plant coordinator. Problems are heard, solutions sought and, once found, their implementation is pursued. Unitel has a lot of internal problems, said another manager, and I see in Vision 2020 the possibility of salvation. I don't see anything wrong in trying to produce more trust in the company, commented a technical officer. The regular Vision 2020 de-briefings help to let all staff know what is going on and offer all of us a chance to have input into things. Some managers see Vision 2020 as creating a bottom-to-top communications system and inaugurating a new style of management founded on a renewed commitment to staff, getting employee involvement in problem-solving, improving customer service and creating a family-type environment. Yet there is also a considerable degree of scepticism about Vision 2020 among Unitel's 96 000 staff. I don't think Vision 2020 is accepted by my workmates, observed one customer service operator. They generally regard it as a joke. Indeed Vision 2020 has many critics at Unitel. As one senior technical officer commented, I hold a serious concern that some managers and staff have an almost fanatical and single-minded belief in the ability of Vision 2020 to save the company. They do not tolerate others who do not share their views, remarked another. I believe a climate is being generated where people who dissent are marked out and discriminated against. Vision 2020 has led to much standardisation at Unitel (from the timing of coffee breaks to the introduction of new forms of financial reporting) and improvements in internal communication (e.g. through the institution of a company e-newsletter). It has involved the development of goals or milestones that each of the restructured Unitel departments are expected to meet. These include enabling decisions to be made at the lowest possible level, the development of a customer needs tracking facility (called UNICATS) and the implementation of a decision-making process called the U-test. The U-test is essentially a diagram that asks Unitel management and employees to consider the following three questions when making any decision: (1) If I were a customer, would this satisfy me?, (2) If it was my business, would I do this? and (3) If it is done this way, will the team support it? But the benefits brought by the new strategy are often contested even by some managers. I find the Vision 2020 programme a complete waste of money, commented one regional manager. Most staff members seem to have accepted that Vision 2020 has created a rift between believers and non-believers at Unitel, and has exacerbated rather than solved many pre-existing problems. Some departments have even taken to sending Vision 2020 material straight to the small circular filing system (i.e. the rubbish bin). Where once there was a team spirit, complained a senior maintenance officer, now we are being told all our problems are self-inflicted and that it is our attitude that most requires changing. Other staff spoke of cheerleaders and puppets when describing advocates of Vision 2020 who worked in their departments. Management are deaf, claimed one sales officer. Our office has been faced with constant understaffing, excessive overtime and a shortage of materials and products. The rank and file, complained another, are expected to work smarter, but management seem only to care about buying the cheapest equipment and about belt-tightening on bread-and-butter items such as computers and photocopiers. The union is also suspicious that Vision 2020 is merely an attempt to undermine its standing among Unitel's employees. Senior management has made it clear that the union can get on the bus, but can't be a driver, as Unitel's CEO put it to the press. According to him, Vision 2020 is all about leadership about achieving cultural change. Senior Unitel management largely hails from engineering backgrounds, however, and according to one union delegate their understanding of social science is, to put it politely, not profound. A union research officer more categorically claimed, It is all about marketing to their employees Vision 2020 is largely a campaign to attack the union. Yet many Unitel managers regard Vision 2020 as a great success, a necessary response to the greater competition the large telco faces in an increasingly competitive, globalised world. Source: Contributed by Dr Bernard Mees, School of Management, RMIT University. Required: Explain the role of HRM in executing the business strategy at Unitel. Identify key issues relating to the introduction of the new corporate strategy by Unitel senior management. Propose some potential solutions to the problems relating to the introduction of the new corporate strategy at Unitel. Discuss how Unitel may benefit from using four (4) human resource management practices (covered throughout the BUSM3201 course) to improve organisational performance at Unitel. Answers: Executive Summary: The study focuses on Unitel considered as among the largest companies on telecommunications implementing a strategy named Vision 2020. Vision 2020 is a big initiative taken by Unitel in order to compete with local and foreign companies. As telecommunication industry is going through a sea change in technical field, Vision 2020 emphasizes on the innovation in regard to services and products. The senior management in the company considers the enhancement in cultural needs must need to be included in the strategy. This project aims to make the customers position in the pivotal area. Here as many people are supporting the strategy there many are against the change. This project is a report focusing on the role for Human Resource manager in executing vision 2020. It explains the key issues and challenges regarding the implementation o the strategy and recommendations on the key issues. The project ends with the potential solutions and how the company is going to get benefit from using human resource practices to improve the performance of the Organization as a whole. Introduction: Unitel is amongst one of the largest telecom companies in the Asia-Pacific region. It was formerly government owned but was privatised in the early 90`s. The privatisation of the company brought in many new opportunities but the market expanded and many new foreign companies entered the market with much competition. The company is doing good but in order to come on the top the company`s CEO has designed a corporate strategy and named it vision 2020. It is the guide to the next decade. The motivational programme aims to bring excellence in product line and increase the value to its customers. The main issue that the company is facing right now is to implement this new corporate strategy; many employees who do not believe in the feasibility of the plan. The organization is divided into two groups the believers and the non-believers. The company has to apply a new strategic human resource management plan which would turn the non-believers into the believers. A well-planned strategy that would help the employees acclimatizes into the new corporate strategy. The employees will have to believe in the vision of the company. Role of HRM in implementing the strategy at Unitel: According to contingency theories there is no single process of leading. Leadership styles should differ according to situations. This means te degree of performance differs according to situations (Smith and Lewis, 2011). Similarly the role of an HR differs according to the situation, like in Unitel; there is a sheer requirement of setting up a strategy for employees to accept Vision 2020. Implementation of strategy is concerned with supporting the organization structure, processes and systems with the new corporate strategy. A wholesome corporate strategy involves man, processes and systems. The coordination of these three is very important or else a well-planned strategy will also fail. When an organization takes new leap, the work force of the organization has many delusional thoughts regarding the success of the plan (Armstrong and Armstrong, 2011). These plans will never succeed if the human resource of the organization does not believe in the plan. Here starts the roles of human resource management, the team of human resource has to first believe in the concept of new strategy and then prepare a well-planned strategy to deal with the human resource (Dessler, 2013). The human resource management has to make the employees believe in the strategy. There are various steps that have to be followed by the human resource department to achieve the goals. Various issues w ould come in front, which have to be tackled meticulously. The steps that are included in converse the strategy to the employees include: 1. Communication: Communication is an essential part of a strategy. If the strategy is not properly communicated to, the employees then the there are no chances of its success (Dessler, 2013). It`s the employees who are actually going to carry out the plans and procedures. 2. Top-bottom approach: The employees will feel included when the top management would them self communicate with the employees on a new strategic plan. If a huge corporate strategy is made and is directly ordered to be implemented, then the employees will never understand the motive of the strategy. At Unitel the human resource management needs to act as a bridge between the employees and the management (Hillier, Grinblatt and Titman, 2012). 3. New motivational plans: The human resource department can go for some motivational training that would motivate the employees in understanding the vision of the company. 4. Employee satisfaction measure: The Company after the trainings should look for feedbacks from the employees regarding their view on the new strategies (Krug, 2009). 5. Persuading cross-system cooperation: When an organization is realising transformations, the coordination between departments tends to slow down. In this, regard the human resource management has to take steps and divide the work groups in such a way that they are bound to coordinate with each other. The employees should be made to rotate their jobs from one department to another so that they understand the new working procedures (Mondy and Mondy, 2012). The above diagram explains the strategic contribution of an HR (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2013): The strategic contribution of an HR are, decision making, fast change, market driven connectivity and cultural management. The HR also requires having business knowledge and the Hr has to enhance and update his knowledge according to time. The personal credibility includes effective relationship, personal results ad achieving remarkable results which happens after the HR delivery process. The HR delivery process includes Organizational structure, Organizational development, performance management and Staffing. Key issues in implementing new business strategy: The company would face various issues initially in implementing the new business strategy. These issues have to be resolved for the successful implantation of the strategy. The key issues are: 1. Lack of coordination between new processes and people: The employees who were habituated working with old processes and systems will take time in understanding the new processes and machines. 2. Wastage of time in implementation of the strategy: The new strategy is undoubtedly a huge decision and has many things to be taken care off. From people, processes and machines everything in the organization will have to be changed. This will need a lot of time to implement these strategies. The company will lose a lot of potential time of generating more revenues. The wastage of time has to be compensated (Pollack, 2011). 3. Additional training programmes for the employees for orientation: The new processes that will be installed in the organization will have new working procedures. The employees of the organization will have to learn the operations and which will need a lot of intense training. This training will have to be provided partly by the human resource department and partly by the technical department. The cost of these trainings will be accounted as extra cost to the company. 4. Issue of customer satisfaction: The customers satisfaction highly depends on the quality of the product and if the quality of the products is not good then the issue of good customer service will arise. 5. Pre existing challenges the organization is facing in the global market: The telecom industry is very huge and many organizations that are already in the market. Competing with these firms is very tough. Some of them are the global market leaders. They are already very popular in the market. 6. Cost of new technical resources: New strategies would begin with new resources; these technical resources would do extra costs to the company. 7. Acceptance of the new strategy by the employees: The major issue the company, which it will face internally, will be of acceptance of the new business strategy by the employees. 8. Shortage of material and understaffing, overtime: It is seen that after implementing the new strategy the company is suffering major issues of understaffing, and overtime. This clearly means less number of employees in the organization and less job satisfaction among the employees (Torrington, 2011). 9. New process would require new skilled labour force at higher salaries: The recruitment of a new skilled labour force is another issue. The value of a skilled labour is always more. The company has to pay more salaries and time to recruit skilled labours. The criteria of selection for the new workforce will have to be high. Solutions to the problems on implementing the strategy: Coordinating of process and people: The people of the organization need to be well acquainted with the process that is going to be implemented. The company got privatized in the early 90s, which changed the total climate of Unitel, but Vision 2020 seems to bring another change in the work climate (Irani and Kamal, 2014). There is ample possibility for the employees to go against the strategies of vision 2020. This requires a brief orientation for the people to have a thorough knowledge that would convince the employees that the strategy is more advantageous. Time management: The implementation of Vision 2020 is considered as a long process that would require a longer time to be executed. This is because the workers need to be convinced first and apart from that the financial budget requires to be made. But in the year 2020 the cost of raw materials, labor force and the technologies would be higher. Thus a proper market speculation needs to be done in order to have an idea of future prices. Another solution for time management is that improving the economic condition of the company by increase the scale of production with the help of the existing force. Resolving Training programs and its issues: Training involves cost of training. Training and development schemes are necessary for a company to adapt technological advancement. Similarly vision 2020 also requires skilled labor for specific technology. But training involves cost and so does hiring. Hiring is the alternative for training. Training people who are sufficiently skilled and quick learners would reduce the cost. In fact if few efficient employees are engaged in vocational training and then if they are promoted to lead a group of employees so that not only they would guide the employees but they would also train the employees. This process will be effective because the leader or representative will be able to communicate and relate with other employees because other employees would easily rely on them. Customer satisfaction: If the employees are not satisfies the product quality and the quality of service will reduce (Chand, 2010). Through the discussion of Vision 2020 it was found that the workers are not ready to accept the proposed strategies. Though it is expected that with the help of new strategy the customers will be able to have more facilities from their products, yet the customers might not agree to access the new change. In order to solve this problem the company must provide proper information through service, and for proper service the required employees also needs to know the information about the product. A simple demonstration by the production department about the increased facility would educate the service providers. Cost of production and shortage of materials According to economics the cost of production includes two basic resources, they are capital and labor. As the capital is always considered fixed, the labor becomes the variable factor in production. The Vision 2020 is a strategy for technological transformation, but the extent to which the labors are included is not clearly mentioned. Thus the labor and labor unions seems to have issue on the implementation. A fear of retrenchment and termination remains, but vision 2020 promises that it would also highlight the benefit of the employees. There had been several complaints that the work hours, and over were more compared to their work. With a collaborative effort by employees and improved machinery the production level will increase and the work time would reduce. This can be done by motivating the present employees for participation and equal treatment for the employees. The shortage of raw materials is a general issue that depends on the availability of resources; the resources are land labor capital and organization. Capital can be adjusted with the profitability of the company. Changing perspective and understaffing With changing perspective Organizations often faces a challenge to cope up with it. Change is hard to be adopted and get accustomed with as already since the early 90s the company is facing a big change as it turned from government owned to private owned. The employees newly got accustomed with the change and now they have to get accustomed with the transformation of technologies. In this stage the employees need motivation and appraisal for psychological effectiveness. Understaffing problems like Stressful conditions, overwork, reaching goals etc creates resentment among the employees (Boonstra-Hrwein, Punzengruber and Grtner, 2011). This can be overcome by providing incentive and other forms of appraisal. How Unitel could benefit from using four human resource management practices. The HRM practices are a system which motivates, develops, retains and attracts employees for survival of the organization and effective implementation of their strategies. The HRM practices are also known as a set of internally consistent practices and policies which are designed to implement plans for the organizations sustenance. The main four HRM practices are Performance Appraisal: Performance appraisal is tools that help to evaluate, assess and review the individual performance of an employee. It is used to explore the possibility job growth of an employee. In Unitel Vision 2020, many employees see that it is merely an attempt to undermine its standing among employees. Performance appraisal helps the employees to think differently in accordance with that idea (Chang, Oh and Messersmith, 2013). Performance appraisal highlights the area of weakness to improve. It is also a form of motivation to the employees. Training: For technological advancement the employees also need to be upgraded for their tasks. Like unitel proposing the making of Biofuels from microalgae, special skilled people are required to operate this process. It is not that the existing employees are not that potential, but in order to engage them the employees must have a know-how of the process. Training helps to fulfil the gap between what is required and what can be done (a review on the benfits of training and development for individuals, teams, firms, and society, 2014). Reward system: Reward system is more like a motivation for the employees so that they could devote their precious time and labor with self-consent (Solinas, Goldberg and Piomelli, 2008). The process would help in changing the mindset of the existing employees who are going dead against Vision 2020 strategy. Recruitment. Recruitment process is mostly considered as one of the alternative for training. Training requires time and money, whereas hiring would require money but within a specific time the company would have skilled employees who can easily get accustomed with the new strategy. A strategic implementation reference: According to the annual report presented by the CEO of a reputed E-commerce company the remarkable feature was that of strategic human resource management focusing of employee empowerment. The proposal was accepted by the company and it agreed to pay 95% of tuition fees for the employees who would take up the course and the also agreed to a program named pay to quit where the company would pay up to US$ 5000 for employees who would want to quit (Bezos, 2014). This sort of initiative was taken for the employees because they felt that people with low enthusiasm for their job results in low productivity. Good companies are not for everyone, if the employees are not satisfied then they will be paid to quit their job. The strategy became very effective. In Unitel certain programs can be included but keeping in mind the budget and how the company and the employees both would get benefit from that. Conclusion: The company will face many issues while implementing a new corporate strategy but these strategies will be very fruitful in the near future. The company has to resolve much issue before implementing these strategies in various directions. The human resource department has a huge role to play in strategically implement the new business strategy of vision 2020. The managers of the company have enthusiastically clinched the new strategy but there are employees who do not believe in the feasibility of the plan. The organization has divided into believers and non-believers, the huge task of the human resource department is to convert the non-believers into the believers this can be done by giving them proper orientation programmes and make them understand the actual vision and mission of the organization for the next decade. 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